Articles

• AN EXAMINATION OF SPORT MENTAL TOUGHNESS AMONG INTERNATIONAL AND HUNGARIAN BASKETBALL PLAYERS

  Kata Németh

  László Rátgéber

  Zalán Bács

  László Balogh

  Views:

  125

  In our research, we compared the mental results of Hungarian basketball players to international averages. We examined the degree of mental toughness of the athletes who filled out the SMTQ questionnaire, whether they are motivated to achieve success, and whether they maintain their self-confidence (even despite occasional failures). Our goal was to indicate Hungarian athletes' mental strengths and weaknesses, thus helping the athletes' preparation. The aggregate mental toughness scores indicated that Hungarian basketball players are above the international average. Still, in terms of control, it is below average in certain age groups. The adult age group (over 18 years of age) is recommended to develop autonomy and responsibility and maintain self-control. It is necessary to improve the influence of their behavior, emotions, and self-regulation. Confidence scores assume that respondents believe in themselves and their successes. They have a positive attitude and a failure-averse attitude. Endurance results will likely be goal-oriented athletes who do not give up and can maintain their motivation.

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• THE EQUITY ROLE OF PLAYERS' RIGHTS BASED ON THE REPORTS OF HUNGARIAN AND FOREIGN FOOTBALL CLUBS

  Norbert Nagy

  Zoltán Bács

  Views:

  49

  Sport – and particularly football – has evolved into a strategically significant sector of the global economy. Professional football today is no longer merely a form of entertainment but a complex business model with substantial value-creation potential. The volume of capital flowing into sports continues to grow, as reflected in increasing transfer market activity, rising transfer fees, and the expanding financial scope of clubs. In parallel, the strategic importance of the player market has intensified: player registration rights have become one of the most important intangible assets football clubs hold. As such, these rights' accounting recognition and valuation is not merely a technical issue but a central element of sport-related financial planning and strategic management. The rise in transfer fees directly affects clubs' asset structure and long-term financial strategies.

  This study conducts a comparative analysis of the financial statements of three European football clubs – Borussia Dortmund, Juventus FC, and FTC Labdarúgó Zrt.– from 2020 to 2024. The objective is to examine the development of the value, proportion, and role of player rights in the clubs' asset structures and to assess how these changes can be interpreted within the broader context of sports strategy and capital market dynamics. The research focuses on identifying whether there is a correlation between the increasing capital inflow into the football industry and the rising asset value of player rights, how these intangible assets are proportionally represented within total assets, and what trends can be observed across the clubs' financial positions.

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• DISTRIBUTION OF ASSESSMENT VALUES OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL RATES

  Bálint Cordier

  György Kulcsár

  Judit H. Ekler

  Views:

  56

  In the past two decades, a strong negative trend can be observed in the development of the abilities of preschool children. Fewer and fewer children meet the criteria for school readiness by the age of six. Children with high levels of neurological immaturity do not even start school but are already lagging. The developmental deficit of partial skills is so significant that specific learning difficulties can be predicted as early as the end of kindergarten age. Although this large backlog can be made up, extra effort must be made on the part of both parents and teachers. With our research, we sought to answer whether the performance of preschool-age children, which deteriorates year by year, covers all partial abilities or if areas with a particularly negative trend can be identified. The most obvious tool for checking children's neurological maturity is the measurement of motor and sensorimotor functions. Based on the measurement results of 58 large groups of kindergarten children (6 ± 1 years) with different developmental rates, we examined the values of the skills that need development and predicted the occurrence of learning difficulties in the examined sample. In the sensory and sensorimotor functions group (18 tests), 40 of the 58 children examined need to develop their gestalt vision. During the elementary movements (12 tests) examination, walking on the outer sole appeared to be an area for improvement in 39 out of 58 children. Among the examined areas of body perception (6 tests), the values of the sense of balance and the cross-schemes were the highest, with 31 points. The specialty of fine motor skills and hand use (3 tests) is that all test segments received a value above 30 points.

   

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• YOUTH SPORT SPECIALIZATION AND PARENTAL INFLUENCE: A TWO-CITY SURVEY FROM HUNGARY

  Ágoston Nagy

  Ágoston Botond Nagy

  Ágost Benedek Nagy

  Szilvia Borbély

  Views:

  49

  This study explores the role of parental influence in youth sport selection, motivation, and specialization. Parents of young athletes from two Hungarian county seats were surveyed to identify regional differences. Results indicate that parental influence is generally moderate or low but stronger in families with higher financial investment. Specialization increases in adolescence, while younger participants are more likely to try multiple sports. There is a discrepancy between participants and their parents’ competitive aspirations: participants more often aim for the professional level than parents expect. The findings contribute to developing youth sports talent management and parental education in Hungary.

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• THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN SUPPORTING THE PERSONALIZED DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF ITS APPLICATION IN EDUCATION

  Bálint Karap

  Anetta Müller

  Tamás Horváth

  Melinda Biró

  Views:

  122

  Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based systems are constantly expanding, so it is not surprising that it has now reached the field of education. From the teachers' perspective, they saw potential in supporting teaching, while from the students' perspective, they saw potential in helping learning. In our research, we tested two hypotheses. First, how important do the teachers surveyed consider the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in supporting the personalized development of students, and how much potential do they see in the application of AI in education? We used a questionnaire method in the research. Three hundred seventy-four teachers participated in the study (N=374). 67.37 percent of the sample were PE (Physical Education) teachers, and 32.62 percent were SEN (Special Educational Needs) teachers. The results showed that special education teachers generally consider AI more essential than physical education teachers and support personalized development and practical and theoretical curricula. The differences are statistically significant, supported by low p-values ​​(<0.05) and high t-values. The results may indicate that SEN teachers are more aware of the possibilities of using AI in education, especially in adapting it to students' individual needs. In contrast, physical education teachers are less optimistic and homogeneous in this regard.

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• PERCEPTION OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMBAT SPORTS

  Csenge Noémi Kerékgyártó

  Karolina Eszter Kovács

  Dávid Papp

  Views:

  59

  For a long time, relatively few studies have investigated sports from a gender perspective. Male dominance was prevalent until the 1960s. By the 1960s, women had already been present in sports, where male dominance and their achievements were unquestionable. At the same time, most research has been prompted to take a more critical view, condemning women's sports as inferior. The most typical reason for excluding women from sports is that they are less physically capable than men. Female athletes may have suffered injuries that make them unable to perform various social tasks. These social tasks may include aesthetic appearance, childbirth, and proper household care. Metheny explored these ideologies, theories, and articles in her work 'Connotations of the Sport and Dance Movements,' published in 1965. The researcher attempted to divide sports into three gender categories. Several Hungarian studies have recently been carried out regarding sports and gender perception. This research investigates the perception of gender-related issues in combat sport athletes. What is considered a distinctly masculine sport, and how does gender determine this? 

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• APPLICATION OF NEUROFEEDBACK DEVICES IN COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT AND TRACKING LEARNING PATTERNS IN SPORTS

  Gergely Nagy

  Csilla Csukonyi

  Views:

  88

  We examined the current research and studies regarding the neurofeedback trainings, including neurofeedback protocols and available technologies and devices. The results show that neurofeedback training can enhance effectively the cognitive abilities of athletes such as, attention, concentration, reaction time, stress tolerance, and mental toughness. The results may provide helpful information for practitioner specialists and researchers in the applied field.

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